------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Changes to Noah LSM version 3.2 since version 3.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Z0 for snow cover - Roughness length Z0 over snow-covered surfaces has been modified (subroutine SNOWZ0) to account for the accumulation of snow burying the surface features which contribute to roughness. An "effective" roughness length for the snow-covered surface is computed, Z0EFF. For deep snow, Z0EFF is set to 0.001 (deep snow covering the roughness features of the surface). For shallower snow, Z0EFF is set to the snow-free roughness length, Z0BRD, reduced by SNOWH/7. To account for fractional snow cover, the final Z0 term is computed as a weighted average between the snow-free Z0BRD value and the effective snow albedo, Z0EFF. * LVCOEF: - The surface albedo in the presence of snowcover (subroutine ALCALC) is computed following Livneh. In version 3.2, this has been implemented with a user-definable coefficient, LVCOEF, set in file GENPARM.TBL. LVCOEF should range between zero and one. The Livneh scheme boosts the snow albedo toward 85%, then reduces it according to the age of the snow. LVCOEF controls how much the albedo is boosted toward 85%. A default value LVCOEF=0.5 will have the same results as in version 3.1, i.e., an average of the input SNOALB (which tends to range from around 50% to around 75%) and 85%. Values lower than 0.5 will tune this more toward the incoming SNOALB (and ultimately lower albedos). Values greater than 0.5 will tune this more toward 85% (and ultimately higher albedos). * SMAV: - SMAV: Soil moisture availability at each soil layer, computed as a fraction between the wilting point SMCWLT (SMAV=0.0) and saturation soil moisture SMCMAX (SMAV=1.0). No effect on model results. Diagnostic field output in WRF as "SMCREL: Relative soil moisture". * FLX1: - The FLX1 term needs to account for the exchange of heat required to change the temperature of falling precipitation from air temperature to skin temperature. This exchange is considered in computing fluxes and skin temperature, but for rain events, was not included in the budget term FLX1. So the energy budget would show large residual values for rain events. This correction has no effect on the model integration, but will make the budget calculations which use FLX1 more accurate. * DTOT: - Polar modification: over sea/land ice points, DTOT is limited so as not to effectively shut off heat exchange between soil (i.e., ice) layers and the surface. In SNOPAC, this limit was applied regardless of surface type (ice or land). In Version 3.2, this has been corrected to apply only to sea/land ice points. Could have some effect on results in areas of deep snow. * RC: - Canopy Resistance, RC, normally set in the call to subroutine CANRES, is set to zero if CANRES is not called because SHDFAC is 0. This change should have no effect on model integration, but since RC is an output variable, this change insures that the field is initialized where there is no vegetation. This was not an issue for Noah as coupled to WRF, but was causing troubles in some standalone applications of Noah LSM.